For our customers' protection, Apple doesn't disclose, discuss, or confirm security issues until an investigation has occurred and patches or releases are available. Recent releases are listed on the Apple security releases page.
Apple security documents reference vulnerabilities by CVE-ID when possible.
For more information about security, see the Apple Product Security page.
Released September 18, 2023
Airport
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information
Description: A permissions issue was addressed with improved redaction of sensitive information.
CVE-2023-40384: Adam M.
App Store
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: A remote attacker may be able to break out of Web Content sandbox
Description: The issue was addressed with improved handling of protocols.
CVE-2023-40448: w0wbox
Apple Neural Engine
Available for devices with Apple Neural Engine: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 3rd generation and later, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 8th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
CVE-2023-40432: Mohamed GHANNAM (@_simo36)
CVE-2023-41174: Mohamed GHANNAM (@_simo36)
CVE-2023-40409: Ye Zhang (@VAR10CK) of Baidu Security
CVE-2023-40412: Mohamed GHANNAM (@_simo36)
Apple Neural Engine
Available for devices with Apple Neural Engine: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 3rd generation and later, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 8th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges
Description: A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management.
CVE-2023-41071: Mohamed GHANNAM (@_simo36)
Apple Neural Engine
Available for devices with Apple Neural Engine: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 3rd generation and later, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 8th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to disclose kernel memory
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
CVE-2023-40399: Mohamed GHANNAM (@_simo36)
Apple Neural Engine
Available for devices with Apple Neural Engine: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 3rd generation and later, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 8th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to disclose kernel memory
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved input validation.
CVE-2023-40410: Tim Michaud (@TimGMichaud) of Moveworks.ai
AuthKit
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to access user-sensitive data
Description: The issue was addressed with improved handling of caches.
CVE-2023-32361: Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Offensive Security
Biometric Authentication
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to disclose kernel memory
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved bounds checking.
CVE-2023-41232: Liang Wei of PixiePoint Security
Bluetooth
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An attacker in physical proximity can cause a limited out of bounds write
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
CVE-2023-35984: zer0k
bootp
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information
Description: A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data redaction for log entries.
CVE-2023-41065: Adam M., and Noah Roskin-Frazee and Professor Jason Lau (ZeroClicks.ai Lab)
CFNetwork
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may fail to enforce App Transport Security
Description: The issue was addressed with improved handling of protocols.
CVE-2023-38596: Will Brattain at Trail of Bits
CoreAnimation
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: Processing web content may lead to a denial-of-service
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
CVE-2023-40420: 이준성(Junsung Lee) of Cross Republic
Dev Tools
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to gain elevated privileges
Description: This issue was addressed with improved checks.
CVE-2023-32396: Mickey Jin (@patch4t)
FileProvider
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to bypass Privacy preferences
Description: A permissions issue was addressed with additional restrictions.
CVE-2023-41980: Noah Roskin-Frazee and Professor Jason Lau (ZeroClicks.ai Lab)
Game Center
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to access contacts
Description: The issue was addressed with improved handling of caches.
CVE-2023-40395: Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Offensive Security
GPU Drivers
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
CVE-2023-40431: Certik Skyfall Team
GPU Drivers
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to disclose kernel memory
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
CVE-2023-40391: Antonio Zekic (@antoniozekic) of Dataflow Security
GPU Drivers
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: Processing web content may lead to a denial-of-service
Description: A resource exhaustion issue was addressed with improved input validation.
CVE-2023-40441: Ron Masas of Imperva
iCloud Photo Library
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to access a user's Photos Library
Description: A configuration issue was addressed with additional restrictions.
CVE-2023-40434: Mikko Kenttälä (@Turmio_ ) of SensorFu
Kernel
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges
Description: A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management.
CVE-2023-41995: Certik Skyfall Team, pattern-f (@pattern_F_) of Ant Security Light-Year Lab
Kernel
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An attacker that has already achieved kernel code execution may be able to bypass kernel memory mitigations
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
CVE-2023-41981: Linus Henze of Pinauten GmbH (pinauten.de)
Kernel
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
CVE-2023-41984: Pan ZhenPeng (@Peterpan0927) of STAR Labs SG Pte. Ltd.
Kernel
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data
Description: A permissions issue was addressed with improved validation.
CVE-2023-40429: Michael (Biscuit) Thomas and 张师傅(@京东蓝军)
libpcap
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: A remote user may cause an unexpected app termination or arbitrary code execution
Description: This issue was addressed with improved checks.
CVE-2023-40400: Sei K.
libxpc
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to delete files for which it does not have permission
Description: A permissions issue was addressed with additional restrictions.
CVE-2023-40454: Zhipeng Huo (@R3dF09) of Tencent Security Xuanwu Lab (xlab.tencent.com)
libxpc
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to access protected user data
Description: An authorization issue was addressed with improved state management.
CVE-2023-41073: Zhipeng Huo (@R3dF09) of Tencent Security Xuanwu Lab (xlab.tencent.com)
libxslt
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: Processing web content may disclose sensitive information
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
CVE-2023-40403: Dohyun Lee (@l33d0hyun) of PK Security
Maps
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information
Description: The issue was addressed with improved handling of caches.
CVE-2023-40427: Adam M., and Wojciech Regula of SecuRing (wojciechregula.blog)
MobileStorageMounter
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: A user may be able to elevate privileges
Description: An access issue was addressed with improved access restrictions.
CVE-2023-41068: Mickey Jin (@patch4t)
Music
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
CVE-2023-41986: Gergely Kalman (@gergely_kalman)
Photos Storage
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to access edited photos saved to a temporary directory
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
CVE-2023-40456: Kirin (@Pwnrin)
CVE-2023-40520: Kirin (@Pwnrin)
Pro Res
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
CVE-2023-41063: Certik Skyfall Team
Safari
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to identify what other apps a user has installed
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
CVE-2023-35990: Adriatik Raci of Sentry Cybersecurity
Safari
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: Visiting a website that frames malicious content may lead to UI spoofing
Description: A window management issue was addressed with improved state management.
CVE-2023-40417: Narendra Bhati From Suma Soft Pvt. Ltd
Sandbox
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to overwrite arbitrary files
Description: The issue was addressed with improved bounds checks.
CVE-2023-40452: Yiğit Can YILMAZ (@yilmazcanyigit)
Share Sheet
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive data logged when a user shares a link
Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved checks.
CVE-2023-41070: Kirin (@Pwnrin)
Simulator
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to gain elevated privileges
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
CVE-2023-40419: Arsenii Kostromin (0x3c3e)
Siri
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data
Description: The issue was addressed with improved handling of caches.
CVE-2023-40428: Abhay Kailasia (@abhay_kailasia) of Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology Bhopal
Spotlight
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to gain root privileges
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
CVE-2023-40443: Gergely Kalman (@gergely_kalman)
StorageKit
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to read arbitrary files
Description: This issue was addressed with improved validation of symlinks.
CVE-2023-41968: Mickey Jin (@patch4t) and James Hutchins
TCC
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: An app may be able to access user-sensitive data
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
CVE-2023-40424: Arsenii Kostromin (0x3c3e), Joshua Jewett (@JoshJewett33), and Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Offensive Security
WebKit
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: Processing web content may lead to arbitrary code execution
Description: A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management.
WebKit Bugzilla: 249451
CVE-2023-39434: Francisco Alonso (@revskills), and Dohyun Lee (@l33d0hyun) of PK Security
WebKit
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: Processing web content may lead to arbitrary code execution
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
WebKit Bugzilla: 256551
CVE-2023-41074: 이준성(Junsung Lee) of Cross Republic and me Li
WebKit
Available for: iPhone XS and later, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 2nd generation and later, iPad Pro 10.5-inch, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 6th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
Impact: Processing web content may lead to arbitrary code execution
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.
WebKit Bugzilla: 239758
CVE-2023-35074: Abysslab Dong Jun Kim(@smlijun) and Jong Seong Kim(@nevul37)
Accessibility
We would like to acknowledge Abhay Kailasia (@abhay_kailasia) of Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology Bhopal for their assistance.
Airport
We would like to acknowledge Adam M., and Noah Roskin-Frazee and Professor Jason Lau (ZeroClicks.ai Lab) for their assistance.
AppSandbox
We would like to acknowledge Kirin (@Pwnrin) for their assistance.
Audio
We would like to acknowledge Mickey Jin (@patch4t) for their assistance.
Bluetooth
We would like to acknowledge Jianjun Dai and Guang Gong of 360 Vulnerability Research Institute for their assistance.
Books
We would like to acknowledge Aapo Oksman of Nixu Cybersecurity for their assistance.
Control Center
We would like to acknowledge Chester van den Bogaard for their assistance.
CoreMedia Playback
We would like to acknowledge Mickey Jin (@patch4t) for their assistance.
Data Detectors UI
We would like to acknowledge Abhay Kailasia (@abhay_kailasia) of Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology Bhopal for their assistance.
Draco
We would like to acknowledge David Coomber for their assistance.
Find My
We would like to acknowledge Cher Scarlett for their assistance.
Home
We would like to acknowledge Jake Derouin (jakederouin.com) for their assistance.
Kernel
We would like to acknowledge Bill Marczak of The Citizen Lab at The University of Toronto's Munk School and Maddie Stone of Google's Threat Analysis Group and 永超 王 for their assistance.
Keyboard
We would like to acknowledge an anonymous researcher for their assistance.
libxml2
We would like to acknowledge OSS-Fuzz, and Ned Williamson of Google Project Zero for their assistance.
libxpc
We would like to acknowledge an anonymous researcher for their assistance.
libxslt
We would like to acknowledge Dohyun Lee (@l33d0hyun) of PK Security, OSS-Fuzz, and Ned Williamson of Google Project Zero for their assistance.
Notes
We would like to acknowledge Lucas-Raphael Müller for their assistance.
Notifications
We would like to acknowledge Jiaxu Li for their assistance.
NSURL
We would like to acknowledge Zhanpeng Zhao (行之) and 糖豆爸爸(@晴天组织) for their assistance.
Password Manager
We would like to acknowledge Hidetoshi Nakamura for their assistance.
Photos
We would like to acknowledge Anatolii Kozlov, Dawid Pałuska, Kirin (@Pwnrin), Lyndon Cornelius, and Paul Lurin for their assistance.
Photos Storage
We would like to acknowledge Wojciech Regula of SecuRing (wojciechregula.blog) for their assistance.
Power Services
We would like to acknowledge Mickey Jin (@patch4t) for their assistance.
Safari
We would like to acknowledge Kang Ali of Punggawa Cyber Security, and andrew James gonzalez for their assistance.
Safari Private Browsing
We would like to acknowledge Khiem Tran, Narendra Bhati From Suma Soft Pvt. Ltd, and an anonymous researcher for their assistance.
Shortcuts
We would like to acknowledge Alfie Cockell Gwinnett, Christian Basting of Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, Cristian Dinca of "Tudor Vianu" National High School of Computer Science, Romania, Giorgos Christodoulidis, Jubaer Alnazi of TRS Group Of Companies, KRISHAN KANT DWIVEDI, and Matthew Butler for their assistance.
Siri
We would like to acknowledge Abhay Kailasia (@abhay_kailasia) of Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology Bhopal for their assistance.
Software Update
We would like to acknowledge Omar Siman for their assistance.
Spotlight
We would like to acknowledge Abhay Kailasia (@abhay_kailasia) of Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology Bhopal and Dawid Pałuska for their assistance.
Standby
We would like to acknowledge Abhay Kailasia (@abhay_kailasia) of Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology Bhopal for their assistance.
Status Bar
We would like to acknowledge N and an anonymous researcher for their assistance.
StorageKit
We would like to acknowledge Mickey Jin (@patch4t) for their assistance.
WebKit
We would like to acknowledge Khiem Tran, Narendra Bhati From Suma Soft Pvt. Ltd, and an anonymous researcher for their assistance.
WebRTC
We would like to acknowledge anonymous researcher for their assistance.
Wi-Fi
We would like to acknowledge Wang Yu of Cyberserval for their assistance.